What is the major symptom of type A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), specifically emphysema?

In type A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is specifically characterized by emphysema, dyspnea, or shortness of breath, stands out as the major symptom. Emphysema leads to the destruction of the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, which reduces the surface area available for gas exchange. This damage limits airflow and makes it difficult for individuals to exhale fully, resulting in the sensation of breathlessness, particularly during exertion.

Patients may experience dyspnea progressively, finding it more challenging to perform daily activities as the disease advances. The other symptoms, such as chronic cough, chest tightness, and wheezing, can also occur, but they typically play a lesser role in emphysema compared to the profound impact of dyspnea. Emphysema predominantly affects the ability to breathe, emphasizing why dyspnea is identified as the primary symptom in this condition. Understanding this symptomology is crucial for effective assessment and management within palliative and hospice care settings, as managing breathlessness can significantly affect the quality of life for patients with emphysema.